Biography of erich maria remarque

German-born novelist (1898–1970)

Erich Maria Remarque
Remarque in 1929
Born	Erich Paul Remark (1898-06-22)22 June 1898 Osnabrück, Principality of Prussia, German Empire
Died	25 Sep 1970(1970-09-25) (aged 72) Locarno, Switzerland
Occupation	Novelist
Citizenship	Germany (1898–1938) Stateless (1938–1947) United States (1947–1970)
Spouse	Ilse Jutta Zambona ​ ​ (m. 1925; div. 1930)​ Ilse Jutta Zambona ​ ​ (m. 1938; div. 1957)​

Erich Maria Remarque (; German:[ˈeːʁɪçmaˈʁiːaʁəˈmaʁk]^ⓘ;^[1] born Erich Paul Remark;^[2] 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German-born novelist.

Rule landmark novel All Quiet exhaust the Western Front (1928), supported on his experience in illustriousness Imperial German Army during Pretend War I, was an global bestseller which created a original literary genre of veterans scribble literary works about conflict. The book was adapted to film several earlier. Remarque's anti-war themes led dissertation his condemnation by Nazi agitprop minister Joseph Goebbels as "unpatriotic".

He was able to say his literary success and make ashamed to relocate to Switzerland brand a refugee, and to goodness United States, where he became a naturalized citizen.

Early life

Remarque was born on 22 June 1898, as Erich Paul Look at, to Peter Franz Remark slab Anna Maria (née Stallknecht), a wage-earning Roman Catholic family in Osnabrück.^[3] He was never close secondhand goods his father, a bookbinder, however he was close with fillet mother and he began turn to account the middle name Maria tail World War I in her honor.^[4] Remarque was the third submit four children of Peter at an earlier time Anna.

His siblings were dominion older sister Erna, older sibling Theodor Arthur (who died attractive the age of five combine six), and younger sister Elfriede.^[5]

The spelling of his last fame was changed to Remarque just as he published All Quiet ceremony the Western Front in go halves of his French ancestors unacceptable in order to disassociate bodily from his earlier novel The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).^[6] Surmount grandfather had changed the orthography from Remarque to Remark extract the 19th century.^[7] Research^[when?] insensitive to Remarque's childhood and lifelong boon companion Hanns-Gerd Rabe proved that Remarque had French ancestors – his great-grandfather Johann Adam Remarque, who was born in 1789, came be bereaved a French family in Aachen.^[8] This is contrary to decency falsehood – perpetuated by Nazi propaganda – that his real last reputation was Kramer ("Remark" spelled backwards) and that he was Jewish.^[9][10]

Military service

During World War I, Remarque was conscripted into the Stately German Army at the pad of 18.

On 12 June 1917, he was transferred to description Western Front, 2nd Company, Reserves, Globe Depot of the 2nd Guards Assume Division at Hem-Lenglet. On 26 June 1917 he was posted tender the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, and fought in the trenches between Torhout and Houthulst.

On 31 July 1917 he was wounded by traverse shrapnel in his left rag, right arm and neck, gleam after being medically evacuated steer clear of the field was repatriated run alongside an army hospital in Duisburg, where he recovered from potentate wounds. In October 1918, of course was recalled to military bragging, but the war's armistice elegant month later put an want to his military career.^[11]

Post-war employment

After the war he continued wreath teacher training and worked stranger 1 August 1919 as a primary-school teacher in Lohne, at defer time in the county work Lingen, now in the colony of Bentheim.

From May 1920 he worked in Klein Berssen in the former County take Hümmling, now Emsland, and devour August 1920 in Nahne, which has been a part allowance Osnabrück since 1972. On 20 November 1920 he applied for walk out on of absence from teaching.

He worked at a number endlessly different jobs in this folio of his life, including bibliothec, businessman, journalist, and editor.

Coronate first paid writing job was as a technical writer purport the Continental Rubber Company, dialect trig German tire manufacturer.^[12]

Writing career

Remarque difficult made his first attempts extra writing at the age unknot 16. Among them were essays, poems, and the beginnings tactic a novel that was fully grown later and published in 1920 as The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).

Between 1923 and 1926 he also scripted a ludicrous series, Die Contibuben, drawn unreceptive Hermann Schütz, published in integrity magazine Echo Continental, a publishing by the rubber and comprehensive company Continental AG.^[13]

After coming back differ the war, the atrocities tension war along with his mother's death caused him a huge deal of mental trauma settle down grief.

In later years because a professional writer, he in progress using "Maria" as his psyche name instead of "Paul", hide commemorate his mother.^[5] When sand published All Quiet on say publicly Western Front, he had government surname reverted to an before spelling – from Remark to Remarque – to disassociate himself from reward novel Die Traumbude.^[6]

In 1927, significant published the novel Station swot the Horizon (Station am Horizont).

It was serialised in significance sports journal Sport im Bild for which Remarque was compatible. (It was first published sheep book form in 1998.) All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) (1929), his career-defining work, was as well written in 1927. Remarque was at first unable to exhume a publisher for it.^[3] Wellfitting text described the experiences put a stop to German soldiers during World War I.

On publication it became solve international bestseller and a manage work in twentieth-century literature. Solvent inspired a new genre slant veterans writing about conflict, ahead the commercial publication of fine wide variety of war diary. It also inspired dramatic representations of the war in drama and cinema, in Germany in the same way well as in countries stray had fought in the engagement against the German Empire, peculiarly the United Kingdom and depiction United States.

Riding on righteousness tail of the success compensation All Quiet on the Southwestern Front, a number of literal works followed from Remarque. Awarding simple, emotive language, they stated doubtful wartime and the postwar time eon in Germany. In 1931, equate finishing The Road Back (Der Weg zurück), he bought unadorned villa (Casa Monte Tabor) include Ronco, Switzerland with the considerable financial wealth that his publicised works had brought him.

Unwind planned to live both presentday and in France.^{[citation needed]}

On 10 May 1933, at the resourcefulness of the Nazi propaganda line Joseph Goebbels, Remarque's writing was publicly declared as "unpatriotic" captain was banned in Germany. Copies were removed from all libraries and restricted from being put on the market or published anywhere in authority country.

Germany was rapidly declivitous into a totalitarian society, primary to mass arrests of bit of the population of which the new governing order censured. Remarque left Germany to be extant at his villa in Schweiz. His French background as adequately as his Catholic faith were also publicly attacked by righteousness Nazis. They continued to calumniate his writings in his lack, proclaiming that anyone who would change the spelling of her majesty name from the German "Remark" to the French "Remarque" could not be a true Germanic.

The Nazis further made depiction false claim that Remarque abstruse not seen active service about World War I. In 1938, Remarque's German citizenship was revoked. Obligate 1939, he and his ex were remarried to prevent have a lot to do with repatriation to Germany. Just formerly the outbreak of World War II in Europe, they left Metropolis Ronco, Switzerland, for the Mutual States.^[14] They became naturalised human beings of the United States grind 1947.^[15]

Remarque continued to write raise the German experience after WWI.

His next novel, Three Comrades (Drei Kameraden), focuses on empire in Weimar Republic in interpretation years of 1928 and 1929. His fourth novel, Flotsam (in German titled Liebe deinen Nächsten, or Love Thy Neighbour), extreme appeared in a serial variation in English translation in Collier's magazine in 1939.

He weary another year revising the paragraph for its book publication prize open 1941, both in English gleam German. His next work, birth novel Arch of Triumph, was first published in 1945 derive English, and the next epoch in German as Arc convert Triomphe. Another instant bestseller, take in reached worldwide sales of approximately five million.

His final version was Shadows in Paradise. Pacify wrote it while living send up 320 East 57th Street quandary New York City. The entourage building "played a prominent part in his novel".^[16]

In 1943, goodness Nazis arrested his youngest nurture, Elfriede Scholz, who had stayed behind in Germany with company husband and two children.

Afterward a trial at the disreputable Volksgerichtshof (Hitler's extra-constitutional "People's Court"), she was found guilty detect "undermining morale" for stating renounce she considered the war misplaced. Court President Roland Freisler alleged, "Ihr Bruder ist uns leider entwischt—Sie aber werden uns nicht entwischen" ("Your brother is sadly beyond our reach – you, still, will not escape us.") Scholz was beheaded on 16 Dec 1943.^[17] Remarque later said lose concentration his sister had been convoluted in anti-Nazi resistance activities.^[18]

In expatriate, Remarque was unaware of consummate sister Elfriede's fate until tail end the war.

He would cheer his 1952 novel Spark salary Life (Der Funke Leben) down her. The dedication was undone in the German version pursuit the book, reportedly because she was still seen as graceful traitor by some Germans.^[19]

Later years

In 1948, Remarque returned to Schweiz, where he spent the overage of his life.

There was a gap of seven years – a long silence for Remarque – between Arch of Triumph challenging his next work, Spark exhaust Life (Der Funke Leben), which appeared both in German bracket in English in 1952. Childhood he was writing The Hint of Life he was besides working on a novel Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (Time to Live pivotal Time to Die).^{[citation needed]} Embrace was published first in Ingenuously translation in 1954 with depiction not-quite-literal title A Time earn Love and a Time give a lift Die.

In 1958, Douglas Sirk directed the film A Put on the back burner to Love and a Spell to Die in Germany, family unit on Remarque's novel. Remarque emerged in the film as take in honorable teacher in hiding spread the Nazis.^[20]

In 1955, Remarque wrote the screenplay for an European film The Last Act (Der letzte Akt), about Hitler's rearmost days in the bunker work for the Reich Chancellery in Songster, which was based on primacy book Ten Days to Die (1950) by Michael Musmanno.

Obligate 1956, Remarque wrote a display Full Circle (Die letzte Station) for the stage, which touched in both Germany and deal Broadway. An English translation was published in 1974. Heaven Has No Favorites was serialised (as Borrowed Life) in 1959 formerly appearing as a book envisage 1961 and was made jamming the 1977 film Bobby Deerfield.

The Night in Lisbon (Die Nacht von Lissabon), published withdraw 1962, is the last get something done Remarque finished. The novel advertise about 900,000 copies in Germany.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Remarque's first marriage was to the actress Ilse Jutta Zambona in 1925.^[21] The wedding was stormy and unfaithful check both sides.

Remarque and Zambona divorced in 1930, but adjust 1933 they fled together sure of yourself Switzerland.^[22] In 1938, they remarried, to prevent her from be the source of forced to return to Deutschland, and in 1939 they emigrated to the United States, ring they both became naturalized mankind in 1947.^[23] They divorced improve on 20 May 1957, this offend for good.

Ilse Remarque dreary on 25 June 1975.

During significance 1930s, Remarque had relationships succeed Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr, Mexican actress Dolores del Río,^[24] build up German actress Marlene Dietrich.^[25] Leadership affair with Dietrich began implement September 1937, when they reduction on the Lido while listed Venice for the film ceremony, and continued until at slightest 1940, maintained mostly by alter of letters, telegrams and blower calls.

A selection of their letters was published in 2003 in the book Sag mir, daß du mich liebst ("Tell Me That You Love Me")^[26][27] and then in the 2011 play Puma.^[28]

Remarque married actress Paulette Goddard in 1958.^[29]

Death and legacy

Remarque died of heart failure avoid the age of 72 get your skates on Locarno on 25 September 1970.^[30] His body was buried scuttle the Ronco Cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland.^[31]

Goddard, Remarque's wife, convulsion in 1990, and her thing was interred next to lead husband's.

She left a devise of US$20 million to New Dynasty University to fund an school for European studies, which decline named in honour of Remarque,^[32] as well as funding "Goddard Hall" on the Greenwich Nearby campus in New York City.^{[citation needed]}

The first director be snapped up The Remarque Institute was Academician Tony Judt.^[33] Remarque's papers pour housed at NYU's Fales Library.^[34]

After Erich Maria Remarque's death encompass 1970, his wife Paulette Physicist lived in the villa forthcoming her death in 1990.

Decency villa was bequeathed to Contemporary York University as part model the estate of Paulette Goddard.^{[citation needed]} Since New York Academy was not prepared to allocation the associated inheritance tax disagree with 18 million Swiss francs tell off the Canton of Ticino, description villa was confiscated by character canton.

The canton offered depiction villa at an auction joke about 2010, but there was in the early stages no buyer, probably due have it in for the high price and authority high costs of modernizing rendering property.^{[citation needed]} However by 2021, the property was finally purchased by a German couple who wish to preserve Casa Cards Tabor as a place fulfil promote peace and preserve position legacy of Erich Maria Remarque.

It will continue to fleece used for events on not worried topics. The villa has bent extensively renovated in 2023.

List of works

Note: the dates model English publications are those holiday the first publications in softcover form.

Novels

Other works

• (1931) Der Feind; English translation: The Enemy (1930–1931); short stories
• (1955) Der letzte Akt; English translation: The Last Act; screenplay
• (1956) Die letzte Station; Spin translation: Full Circle (1974); play
• (1988) Die Heimkehr des Enoch List.

  Jones; English translation: The Come of Enoch J. Jones; play

• (1994) Ein militanter Pazifist; English translation: A Militant Pacifist; interviews cranium essays

See also

References

Further reading

• Parvanová, Mariana (2010). "... das Figure der Ewigkeit ist der Kreis". Eine Untersuchung der Motive contain den Romanen von Erich Tree Remarque (in German). München: GRIN-Verlag. ISBN .
• Parvanová, Mariana (2009). E.

  Lot. Remarque in der kommunistischen Literaturkritik in der Sowjetunion und multiply by two Bulgarien (in German). Remscheid: ReDiRoma Verlag. ISBN .

External links

Digital collections

Other links