Pandit madan mohan malaviya biography of mahatma

Indian independence activist, man of letters, educator, politician (–)

"Mahamana" redirects close by. For the Indian Railways retinue, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For the married name, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December — 12 Nov ; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]^ⓘ) was key Indian scholar, educational reformer discipline activist notable for his part in the Indian independence current.

He was president of illustriousness Indian National Congress three epoch and the founder of Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. He was addressed as Pandit,^[1] a christen of respect.

Malaviya strove pass away promote modern education among Indians and co-founded the Banaras Hindustani University (BHU) at Varanasi jacket , which was created go downwards the BHU Act.

It progression the largest residential university constrict Asia and one of representation largest in the world,^[2] glossed over 40, students across study, commerce, sciences, engineering, linguistic, procedural, medicine, agriculture, performing arts, handle roughly, management, and technology disciplines unearth all over the world.

Misstep was the vice chancellor pounce on the Banaras Hindu University unearth to ^[3][4]

Malaviya was one objection the founders of the Bharat Scouts and Guides.^[5] He supported a highly influential English bat an eyelid, The Leader, in , available from Allahabad.^[6] He was besides the chairman of Hindustan Times from to His efforts resulted in the launch of neat Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in ^[7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's pre-eminent civilian distinction, on 24 Dec , a day before what would have been his queue birthday.^[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was born in Allahabad, India, accepted wisdom 25 December ,^[9] in topping Gaur Brahmin family^[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.^[13] Sharptasting was born in a area known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a tiny house of Sawal Das celebrate Saryakund.

His grandfather, Premdhar Prasad, was the son of Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed bring forth Malwa (Ujjain) in the state of Madhya Pradesh, they came to be known reorganization 'Malaviya'. He married Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at sixteen. Monarch ancestors were highly respected funds their learning and knowledge lecture Hindu scriptures and Sanskrit alteration.

His father also learned newest Sanskrit scriptures and used say nice things about recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.^[14]

Malaviya's edification began at the age healthy five in Mahajani Pathsala. After, he joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, completed his primary tuition and joined a school accelerate by Vidha Vardini Sabha.

No problem then joined Allahabad Zila Faculty (Allahabad District School), where significant started writing poems under dignity pen name Makarand which were published in journals and magazines.^[7]

Malaviya matriculated in from the Fell Central College, now known kind the University of Allahabad. President College's principal provided a quarterly scholarship to Malaviya, whose kinsmen had been facing financial hardships, and he was able dealings complete his B.A.

at high-mindedness University of Calcutta.^[7]

Malaviya desired bung pursue an M.A. in Indic. Still, family circumstances did not quite allow him to do and over, and his father wanted him to pursue the family occupation of Bhagavat recital instead. Crucial July , Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional career because an assistant master at leadership Government High School in Allahabad.^[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his political continuance in with an address grant the Indian National Congress categorize in Calcutta.

Malaviya would be a factor on to become one flawless the most powerful political leadership of his time, being first-rate Congress president on four occasions.^[7]

In December , Malaviya attended primacy second Indian National Congress categorize in Calcutta under the presidency of Dadabhai Naoroji, where explicit spoke on the issue close the eyes to representation in Councils.

His lodging not only impressed Dadabhai on the other hand also Raja Rampal Singh, sovereign of Kalakankar estate near Allahabad, who had founded a Sanskrit weekly, Hindustan, but was undertake looking for a suitable writer to turn it into dinky daily. In July , Malaviya resigned from the school mushroom joined as editor of authority nationalist weekly.

He remained support two and a half time eon, and left for Allahabad call for study for his L.L.B.. Squash up Allahabad, he was offered illustriousness co-editorship of The Indian Opinion, an English daily. After finish his law degree, he in operation practicing law at Allahabad Regional Court in , and vigilant to Allahabad High Court unresponsive to December ^[16][17]

Malaviya became the kingpin of the Indian National Coition in , a position agreed held also in He was a moderate leader and loath separate electorates for Muslims foul up the Lucknow Pact of Interpretation "Mahamana" title was conferred build up him by Mahatma Gandhi.^[18][19]

Malaviya amercement his practice of law weigh down to fulfil his resolve equal serve the causes of rearing and social service.

Despite that vow, on one occasion just as freedom fighters were convicted ingratiate yourself with be hanged in the Chauri-chaura case, he appeared before ethics court and won the excuse of freedom fighters.^[20] He followed the tradition of Sannyasa here his life, adhering to wreath avowed commitment to live irritant the support of society.

He was a member of rank Imperial Legislative Council from unconfirmed , when it was regenerate to the Central Legislative Unit, of which he remained a- member until ^[21] Malaviya was an important figure in influence Non-cooperation movement.^[22] He was conflicting to the politics of calming and the participation of Legislature in the Khilafat movement.

In , he joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and spend time at others in protesting against rendering Simon Commission, which had archaic set up by the Country to consider India's future. Efficient as the "Buy British" jihad was sweeping England, he give up a manifesto on 30 Possibly will urging concentration on the "Buy Indian" movement in India.^[23] Malaviya was a delegate at honesty Second Round Table Conference mud

During the Salt March, type was arrested on 25 Apr along with other Congress volunteers in Delhi, only a sporadic days after he was determined as the president of Sitting following the arrest of Sarojini Naidu.^[24] In , at Calcutta, Malaviya was again appointed although the president of the Copulation.

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Before independence, Malaviya was the only leader of representation Indian National Congress to continue appointed as its president appropriate four terms.

On 24 Sept , an agreement known by reason of Poona Pact was signed in the middle of Dr. B R Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed indoctrination among Hindus) and Mahatma Statesman (on behalf of the beat Hindus).

The agreement guaranteed equal seats for the depressed prepare in the provisional legislatures private the general electorate, and scream by creating a separate electorate. Because of the pact, decency depressed class received seats dwell in the legislature, instead of goodness 71 as allocated in grandeur Communal Award proposal of greatness British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald.

After the pact, the Organized Award was modified to encompass the terms as per goodness pacts. The text uses nobleness term "Depressed Classes" to celebrate Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes highest Scheduled Tribes under India Play , and in the Amerind Constitution of ^[25]

In protest be against the Communal Award to fill separate electorates for minorities, Malaviya and Madhav Shrihari Aney maintain equilibrium the Congress and started nobleness Congress Nationalist Party.

The assemble contested the elections to distinction central legislature and won 12 seats.^[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya started his journalistic career as editor of integrity Hindi daily Hindustan in Aristocrat Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the talk and personality of Malaviya fabric the second Congress Session attach Calcutta held in , claim him to assume this position.^[27][28]

In , he became the redactor of the "Indian Opinion".

Stern the incorporation of "Indian Opinion" with the "Advocate" of Beleaguering, Malaviya started his own Sanskrit weekly "Abhyudaya"(– under his editorship).^[15]

Malaviya's poems (sawaiyas) were published one-time in –84 under the 1 of 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika magazine (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra).

His articles on religious stand for contemporary subjects were published in vogue 'Hindi Pradeepa'.^[27]

When the British management promulgated The Newspaper (Incitement take back Offences) Act in ^[29] gift the Indian Press Act, , Malaviya started a campaign counter them and called for strong All India Conference in Allahabad.

He then realized the require of an English newspaper acquaintance make the campaign effective all the time the country. As a abide by, with the help of Motilal Nehru, he started an Truthfully daily, the Leader, in , where he was Editor (–) and President (–).^[27]

In , Malaviya started the Hindi paper Maryada.^[27]

In , Malaviya along with rank help of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M.

R. Jayakar and industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, acquired The Hindustan Times plus saved it from an wrong demise.^[30] Malaviya raised Rs. 50, for the acquisition, with Birla paying most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times from to His efforts resulted in the launch emulate its Hindi edition 'Hindustan' take away The paper is now infamous by the Birla family.

In , Malaviya started Sanatana Dharma from BHU, a magazine fixated to religious, dharmic interests.^[27]

Legal career

In , Malaviya completed his LL.B. from Allahabad University and in progress practice in Allahabad District Deadly. He practised at the Towering absurd Court from He earned frivolous respect as one of prestige most brilliant lawyers of character Allahabad High Court.

He gave up his legal practice just as at his pinnacle in instigate his 50th birthday so defer he could serve the knowledge thereafter.

About his legal life, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru reputed him a brilliant Civil Lawyer and Sir Mirza Ismail articulate – I have heard keen great lawyer say that on condition that Mr. Malaviya had so vacillating it, he would have bent an ornament to the statutory profession.^[31]

Malaviya only donned his lawyer's robe once more, in shadowing the Chauri Chaura incident load which a police station was attacked and set on blaze in February , as put in order result of which Mahatma Solon called off the then launched Non-cooperation movement.

The sessions tedious had sentenced persons to greatness gallows for the attack. Subdue, Malaviya defended them in righteousness Allahabad High Court and was able to save of them. The remaining 15 also were recommended for clemency by picture High Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted from death reveal life imprisonment.^{[32][citation needed]}

Banaras Hindu University

In April , Annie Besant fall down Malaviya and they decided elect work for a common Asian University in Varanasi.

Besant pivotal fellow trustees of the Decisive Hindu College, which she esoteric founded in , also united to the Government of India's precondition that the college alter a part of the different university. Thus Banaras Hindu Founding (BHU) was established in , through a parliamentary legislation, influence 'Banaras Hindu University Act pan ', and today it residue a prominent institution of intelligence in India.^[3][33] In , noteworthy left the vice-chancellorship of BHU and was succeeded by Mean.

Radhakrishnan, who later became description president of India.^[34]

Spread over &#;km² (4, acres) with a votary population of about 30,, BHU is the largest residential origination in Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as character vice-chancellor of BHU from command somebody to His grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was the chancellor of BHU from to , till top demise.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose the damming of the Ganga. He in debt the British government to dream an agreement with Ganga Mahasabha and other Hindu religious cream of the crop on uninterrupted flow of influence Ganga in Haridwar and umbrella from any future obstruction. That agreement is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata middle the Agreement of Malaviya afflicted an important part in justness removal of untouchability and clump giving direction to the Outcast movement.

The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at a congress in at which Pandit Malaviya presided.^[15]

Malaviya asserted – if give orders admit internal purity of sensitive soul, you or your religous entity can never get impure disseminate defiled in any way unresponsive to touch or association with some man.^[35]

To solve the problem appreciate untouchability, Malaviya followed a Faith method, of giving Mantradīkshā nominate untouchables.

He said, "Mantras would be a certain means game their upliftment socially, politically extort spiritually."^[35] He worked for grandeur eradication of caste barriers sound temples and other social barriers. Malaviya contributed significantly to ensuring the entry of the ostensible untouchables into any Hindu shrine.

In March , Hindu Dalit (Harijan) leader P. N. Rajbhoj along with a group be fond of Dalit people demanded entry damage the Kalaram Temple on clever Rath Yatra day.^[36] Malaviya din in the presence of priests pan Kalaram Temple, gave diksha amount the assembled people and facilitated their entry into the temple.^[36] They then also participated transparent the Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.^[36]

He established Bharati Bhawan Muse about on 15 December with wreath friend Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla in Allahabad.

In Malaviya potent a boys' hostel named Religion Hostel (Hindu Boarding House) make Allahabad.^[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was at the outset introduced by Robert Baden General, though only British, European arm Anglo Indian students could add together the organization known as Brits Boy Scouts.

Scouting for feral Indians was started by Sin against Vivian Bose, after independence scuttle Officials from Hindustan Scouts concentrate on Guides were hired by picture Government of India when glory country became independent to carry on the functioning of British Immaturity Scouts, renamed as the Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper performances of the resignation of Amerindic Railways officer Sri Ram Vajpei on grounds of racial isolation despite being qualified in reconnoitring with its highest degree Spot, in England prompted the at that time president of Congress Malaviya be inform himself about the patrol movement. With the support pencil in other members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant famous George Arundale, Malaviya started nourish organisation called the All Bharat Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti unit to conduct scouting activities.

While the British refused in the early stages to recognize the scouting upbringing imparted by the Samiti, Baden Powell himself advocated the revealing of Indian Scouting as co-curricular education in school, after smashing visit to India afforded him the opportunity to learn confront the association's activities.

Thanks cancel Malaviya's efforts, scouting units newcomer disabuse of across the sub-continent came joining together to create the Hindustan Scouts Association.

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Later, the Guides association joist India managed by Dr Besant also joined to form depiction Hindustan Scouts and Guides Federation.

Malaviya also notably contributed nobleness MAMOMA short code secret idiolect in scouting, now widely reach-me-down across the world. The designation "MAMOMA" is derived from depiction initials of his name.^[37]

Legacy

The motto "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) is also a legacy a range of Malaviya.

Presiding over the Asiatic National Congress session of bequeath Delhi, he declared that that phrase from the Mundaka Upanishad should be the slogan acquire the nation.^[38]

Malaviya started the contributions of Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar to the sacred Ganga river which is performed collected today.

The Malaviya Dwipa, practised small island across the ghat, is named after him near a bust of his was erected on it. The Amerind Post issued stamps in sovereign honour in and to solemnize his th and th line anniversaries, respectively.

The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Lucknow, City, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg and Jaipur are named after him, chimpanzee is a square in City city, Malaviya Chowk.

Malaviya Municipal Institute of Technology (MNIT) at one\'s fingertips Jaipur is named after him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology in Gorakhpur, UP. The Hostels of IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Erudite and BITS Pilani, Pilani very last Hyderabad campuses are also styled Malaviya Bhawan after him. Start memory of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his descent anniversary as Mahamana Divas swot up on every 25 December.

They maintain also declared a fellowship protocol for poor Sanatan Vipra boys on this day.

Malaviya's animal size portrait was unveiled adjust the Central Hall of India's Parliament by the then top dog of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size statue was unveiled in by the thence president of India Dr. Unrelenting.

Radhakrishnan in front of integrity BHU main gate on nobleness occasion of his birth period. A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front of ethics main gate leading to significance Assembly Hall and outside rectitude porch, by the former Tricky. governor of Delhi, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 December ^[21]

He is also remembered for her highness role in ending the Soldier indenture system, especially in high-mindedness Caribbean.

His efforts in portion the Indo-Caribbeans is compared seal Mahatma Gandhi's efforts of wedge Indian South Africans.^[39][40]

On 25 Dec , on his birth feast, the national memorial of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated by goodness then president of India Unadulterated P J Abdul Kalam be suspicious of 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.^[41]

was celebrated little his th birth centenary rough the Government of India erior to the Chairmanship of India's landmark minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who announced the establishment of expert Centre for Malaviya Studies smash into the Banaras Hindu University make known addition to scholarships and rearing related awards in his fame, and UPA chairperson Sonia Solon released a biography of Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 Dec , Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.^[8]

The Mahamana Steep train (plying between New Metropolis and Varanasi) was flagged booming by Prime Minister of Bharat Narendra Modi on 22 Jan The train is named afterwards Malaviya and is equipped snatch modern facilities such as bio-toilets in every coach and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

• He created a non-governmental organization named Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare of Cows.
• A judgement of Montagu-Chelmsford proposals of Asiatic constitutional reform. Printed by Parable. Y. Chintamani,
• Speeches and creative writings of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.

  Publisher G.A. Natesan,

References

Biographies

External links